Populations in Northwest Africa, central Eastern Africa and Madagascar have tested at more moderate frequencies. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. Marieke van de Loosdrecht et al. For comparison, the NRY haplotype diversity treating E1b1a as a single haplogroup ranged from 0.821 to 0.945, with the exception of Anuak who displayed a much lower diversity (h=0.516). Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P et al. [30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. Traces of earlier inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A1a, A1b, A2, A3, and B-M60 that are common in certain populations, such as the Mbuti and Khoisan. A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. At present the most consistent explanation is that E-V13 developed from E-M78 in Central or Eastern Europe during the Neolithic period, and was assimilated by the R1a and R1b Proto-Indo-Europeans around the time that they were leaving the Pontic Steppe to invade the rest of Europe. They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. Archaeological evidence suggests that the early expansion of proto-Bantu speakers was associated with pre-Iron Age farming technology and did not involve smelting metals.3 The first evidence of metallurgy south of the Sahara was found at Nok in Nigeria and is dated to no earlier than 2500 YBP.10 Therefore, it is possible that with the aid of the new technology, further expansions may have occurred after the first dispersal of farmers. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org). Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. Living Descendants of Biblical Canaanites Identified Via DNA Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. The first colonists were Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon and the Tartus province of Syria. (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. The geographic distribution of the six main branches show that E-V13 quickly spread to all parts of Europe, but was especially common in Central Europe. (2012) determined that the mummy of an unknown man buried with Ramesses was, because of the proven genetic relationship and a mummification process that suggested punishment, a good candidate for the pharaoh's son, Pentaweret, who was the only son to revolt against his father. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 12551269. The major finding of these studies was that genetic distances (FST) among all EBSP groups are much less than the average FST among West-African and Nilo-Saharan groups, indicating a considerable level of homogeneity among EBSP groups. Correspondence to E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. One of them was E-M34 (notably Levantine clades like Y15558 and Z21421), which makes up about 15% of modern Lebanese Y-DNA, but was probably higher before the Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine, medieval crusader and Ottoman occupations altered the local gene pool. [25] Tima was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e1e. The Wright Brothers, the inventors of the world's first successful airplane, belonged to haplogroup E-V13 (S7461 subclade). Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups. Where samples were ancestral for the four UEP markers, a further six to eleven UEPs (UEP1 and UEP2 kits: sY81, SRY4064, YAP, SRY10831, M13, M9, SRY465, M20, Tat, 92R7 and M17) were typed.38 NRY haplogroups were classified according to the nomenclature of the Y-Chromosome Consortium39 (Figure 1) and STR repeat sizes were assigned according to the nomenclature of Kayser et al.40 Additionally, the four E1b1a-specific UEPs were typed in 1820 samples, previously characterised as E1b1a in the TCGA database (published35, 36 and unpublished data), from the 35 non-Congo, sub-Saharan groups listed in Supplementary Table S1. Outside Europe, E1b1b is found at high frequencies in Morocco (over 80%), Somalia (80%), Ethiopia (40% to 80%), Tunisia (70%), Algeria (60%), Egypt (40%), Jordan (25%), Palestine (20%), and Lebanon (17.5%). In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. (Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2012) There is no backflow of E1b1a into North Africa until Trans Saharan slavery and that's in its mutated form of E1b1a7. [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. (=> see also the discussions Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Bosch E et al. [2] E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic -speaking populations. [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. [29], E-M2's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. These data are consistent with multiple expansion events southwards from West Africa. The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion. PubMed Central Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K et al. It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. Yes, I'm aware of Ramesses III belonging to Haplogroup E1b1a, but additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to y-dna haplogroup E1b1b[citation needed] which split from E1b1a about 40-50 thousand years ago, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. John's father, Matthias Corvinus (1443-1490) was King of Hungary and Croatia, and disputed King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria. All buccal swabs were collected anonymously with appropriate ethical approval and informed consent. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%). If that is the case, E-M78 or E-M123 could have come to southern Europe through North African cattle herders during the Neolithic, although this hypothesis remains purely conjectural. Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. Where collections from a particular group were made in more than one location, locations are represented by averages of geographic coordinates. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13: 867876. Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J : On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). [12] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP. People and Disease. Newman JL : The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. why EPF2431 is rare - eupedia.com In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. These are the mutations, "M", or mutation 2 = M2. Genetic history of the Middle East - Wikipedia Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature probably belonged to E-Y161794, a Jewish branch of haplogroup E-M81, based on the Y-DNA test of another Kafka from Czechia at FTDNA. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). It would then have spread to Greece and Italy alongside haplogroup J2a1 and T1a-P77. The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome, which . Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia In fact, it has been calculated that E-V13 emerged from E-M78 some 7,800 years ago, when Neolithic farmers were advancing into the Balkans and the Danubian basin. If it is assumed that an earlier expansion had already taken place, this would be consistent with a subsequent, rapid expansion from West Africa southwards along both the western and eastern routes. Author: Maciamo Hay. Pakendorf et al7 in a recent review of the contribution made by molecular genetic analysis to the study of EBSP concluded that patrilocality and possibly polygyny may have contributed to NRY, but not mtDNA, association with linguistic affinity. [22], At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE. He is best remembered for being a strong defender of slavery. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. Pakendorf B, Bostoen K, de Filippo C : Molecular perspectives on the Bantu expansion: a synthesis. Article Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. [25] Wuta was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS7305 and L3e2b+152. Alves I, Coelho M, Gignoux C, Damasceno A, Prista A, Rocha J : Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations. "E3a" redirects here. Eur J Hum Genet 21, 423429 (2013). The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. "We must make it very clear that the paternal Israelite lineage E1B1A is the most important lineage of the Israelites but we can include the maternal haplogroups of L2 and L3. E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. Nowadays, the FGC18412 (aka Y5412) clade is the main variety of M123 found in Europe. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. Google Scholar. Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. The low percentage of E-V13 is coastal Sardinia would be better explained by more recent settlements on the island by the Romans, or even the Goths, who also settled in Sardinia. J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 11971214. CTS1096 split into three subclades around 7,500 to 7,000 years ago, a period that corresponds to the advent of the Copper Age around modern Kurdistan. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). This indicates that a single man may have had nine sons who went on to have numerous children of their own. But that percentage very certainly increased after spending several centuries in Central and Southeast Europe and assimilating Proto-Slavs and Balkanic people before invading Italy. The French footballer of Algerian origin Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), is a member of haplogroup E1b1b (M81) according to his brother's DNA test. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. 2002 ). Since R1a-CTS1211 is not originally Germanic, it is likely that the Goths also brought a small but noticeable percentage of assimilated lineages from the Balkans, including E-V13 and J2b1 (I2a1b-CTS10228 would have come later from the East Slavic migrations from Ukraine during the Early Middle Ages, hence its absence from Italy, apart from a few coastal areas facing the Adriatic Sea). The pooled frequencies of E1b1a component haplogroups, based on their geographic locations, are also shown in Figure 2. Because the Bantu languages on the eastern route are more homogeneous than those on the western route,11 it is reasonable to speculate that later expansions occurred mainly on the eastern route. Peaks among the Saho Saho . The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). What is surprising with E-V13 is that it is as common in R1a-dominant as in R1b-dominant countries. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. [25] Ajana was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1I. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176. The J haplogroup is of Semitic origin and is overwhelmingly present in The Middle East. It was first reported in a person from the Gambia.[76]. This origin is in line with the origins of the ancient Israelite people, from whom Jews are traditionally believed to descend from, and whose homeland was the ancient Kingdom of Israel now the modern day State of Israel, located in the Levant. This marker was found in a single South African. (2002) states: "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes [E-M2*] were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the YCC. Also downstream of CTS1096, the Y14891 and Z21018 clades are typically found among people of Jewish ancestry, while PF6391 and Z21421 are found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan) and the Arabian peninsula. Autosomally they could be modelled as 2/3 Natufian and 1/3 Sub-Saharan African (West African), confirming the close genetic link between Late Paleolithic North Africans and Mesolithic South Levantines. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. [12][d], E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. (2012) recovered the DNA of Napoleon Bonaparte from beard hair follicules and compared his Y-DNA to that of one of his present-day descendants, Charles Napolon. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. See Supplementary Table S4 for Guthrie classifications of all Bantu-speaking groups included in the analysis. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Here, to test the hypothesis that . In this study, haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, the haplogroup with the shortest TMRCA, was observed in all eastern data sets (three from Malawi, one from Mozambique (in both cases, all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages N and P spoken on the eastern side of Africa) and one from Pretoria, n (samples)=18) but in none of the eight western groups (all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages H, B and C spoken on the western side of Africa) (Fishers exact test: haplogroup present/absent in data set P=0.0008; haplogroup frequency P<0.0001). Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, Goldstein DB : Origins of old testament priests. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Google Scholar. If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. It is especially common among Berber populations all over Northwest Africa, including the Tuaregs. The earliest known prehistoric sample to date is an E-V13 from Catalonia dating from 5000 BCE. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. Where Did Haplogroup E1b1b Originate and Expand From?
Jim At Bat Answer Key, Biotronik Biomonitor Mri Safety, Ich Freue Mich Sehr Andere Formulierung, Articles E