However, heres the twist. Will the fate of Le Griffonever be discovered,or will she keep her secrets? The Chilling Reason Why Lake Superior 'Never Gives Up Her Dead', U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/Wikimedia Commons, Superior, they said, never gives up her dead. TIL that Lake Superior is so cold that bacteria needed to cause a submerged dead body to float and surface is unable to grow. Northern Ontario Travel says that Lake Superior isn't the only lake rumored to have a centuries-old resident: South Bay Bessie was first sighted in Lake Erie in 1793. kamloops Whatever the answer, weather played an important role. It all started with a ship heading through Welland Canal, says GWVM. Login. Atlas Obscura says that between 2002 and 2017, there were 17 different sites claimed to be the final resting place of Le Griffon, but nothing ever panned out. Indeed, the displacement of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow by Gordon Lightfoot, and the disappearance from the American canon of Longfellows 1842 Hesperus poem (Colder and louder blew the wind/A gale from the Northeast/The snow fell hissing in the brine/And the billows frothed like yeast, lines once memorized by American schoolchildren), are only two indications of the immense cultural power possessed by the destruction, in Canadian waters 17 miles north-northwest of Whitefish Point, Mich., of a lake bulk freighter with 29 souls aboard. there is also the missing stagecoach that sopposedly fell of a cliff and into the lake they say it's still missing along with all the gold.yet another story is of a hotel from the 1800's if i remember correctly.that only ran during the summer then one summer people werent able to find it.it hasent been seen since. Other times, he appears curious and even follows divers around as they search the ship. Dr. Anton Sohn, then-chairman of the pathology department at the University of Nevada in Reno, discussed the features of Lake Tahoe as it related to the recovery of people who died on or in that body of water: Death brings decomposition where bacteria consumes bodily flesh at some pace. During a 1994 expedition to the wreck, divers finally found the body of a crewmember for the first time. Lake Superior has also earned the title of being one of the Top 10 Most Haunted Lakes in the World. Weatherbug says that some years are worse than others. WebNew to CMG Interactive? She disappeared in 1892. She has been described as a sturgeon, a dragon, or a water cat and has even been depicted as having the shape of Lake Superior, but she's always credited with either protecting those who sail her waters or destroying them. Only a few people have headed into the depths of the lake to see the actual shipwreck. WebAccording to Week in Weird, divers who have explored the wreck of the Kamloops after it was discovered on the bottom of Lake Superior found something with at least three levels Facebook. He said he was unaware of it. In the case of the Edmund Fitzgerald bodies, they all went down with the ship and never came back up. Lake Superior contains three quadrillion gallons of water; Lake Superior is the size of South Carolina; Lake Superior is so cold that growth of bacteria is inhibited, and bodies in Lake Superior do not float or surface. The body in this case was fully submerged in a specific vessel, and it remained partly intact due to specific circumstances: It turns out that the frigid waters of Lake Superior had not just refrigerated farm equipment and foodstuffs, it had perfectly preserved one of the 13 crewmen who never made it ashore. from todayilearned. Divers who explored the ship couldnt believe how well-preserved it was. Sorry bad pun! En route to a steel mill near Detroit, Edmund Fitzgerald joined a second taconite freighter, SS Arthur M. Anderson. As established by the meme, Lake Superior is an extremely large body of water, which means conditions are rarely uniform across the lake; conditions also vary by season. As the 2021 documentary "Freshwater" explains, Lake Superior (along the U.S.-Canadian border in the upper Midwest) is the largest freshwater lake in the world. She left Chicago on November 27, 1960, and sailed into driving winds and snow. For starters, the corpse. This disaster at the distended thumb of Lake Superior permitted the phrase The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald to replace The Wreck of the Hesperus in North American seafaring folklore. 30 day weather forecast for cullman alabama high school football camps ohio kamloops shipwreck bodies. And the video is pretty darn convincing when he zooms in, you can see a surprising amount of detail and what apparently looks like sails flapping in the wind. KAMLOOPS, British Columbia (AP) The remains of 215 children, some as young as 3 years old, have been found buried on the site of what was once Canadas largest Indigenous residential school one of the institutions that held children taken from families across the nation. Also gone? The linked content did not indicate that bodies in Lake Superior dont float or surface; one portion referenced corpses which had washed up elsewhere on the shoreline. "GF,FO" te he. McGonagle was last seen on old WebIn June, more bodies were discovered. However, thats not quite where our story ends. Found out that something strange can happen with bodies that are immersed in water for long periods. However, Lake Superiors cold temperatures inhibit bacterial growth and the bodies tend to sink and never resurfaced. Richard Capling said that things dont always stay put when they go under, and there are many objects in the lake that can look like something to investigate. Charle's my friend You crack me up! It's hard to over-stress the importance of the Great Lakes when it comes to America's history and the development of entire industries. Gone. Should you fall in, even at this temperature, your survival time without a life jacket would, on the average, be less than two hours. Cold water and slow decomposition were not the sole reason recovery was complicated recovery missions were described as involving precise calculations and variable conditions: Chris Oosee, a lieutenant with the Grand Traverse County Sheriffs Office, said without eyewitnesses, it can be hard to pinpoint where somebodys last location was before slipping under the waves. Seneca legend says a serpentine creature called Gaasyendietha lives in Lake Ontario, and Lake Huron's Mishebeshu (which translates to "great lynx") lives in an underwater den at the mouth of the Serpent River. Some had taken to calling him Old Whitey, but those whod heard the stories of ghostly encounters knew the truth: this was Grandpas body. Some of them rationalized it as currents, but others insisted that there was something unnatural, even intelligent, about the way Grandpa moved. Both kayakers capsized and the pair swam toward shore. "There's nothing to fear but fear itself." WebThe body of one of the deceased crew members, dubbed Old Whitey, floats amongst the wreckage of the ship with some divers claiming follows them as th The SS Kamloops has On the night of December 6th, 1927, Lake Superior was in the grips of a violent winter storm, and the SS Kamloops was struggling to make its way through the waves, accompanied by the steamer shipQuedoc. Lake Superior has its own, and according to the Jesuit missionaries who first made contact with the native tribes who had long lived in the area, regular sacrifices were necessary to keep the monster satisfied and the ships that sailed the lake safe, says SooToday. Because the temperature of the water is so cold, bodies can be preserved for many years in the deep depths of Lake Superior where water lingers around 34F or 1.1C. Heres the inside story. According to the Great Lakes Exploration Group, the ship was built by one of the first French explorers in the area: Rene-Robert Sieur de La Salle. Seems odd to me that a body from 1927 would still be intact. I find it a little hard to swallow the body still being in tack too. But someone out there might have It was discovered at the lake bottom, 260 feet down. This image is of Daybreak over Lake Superior by flickr user Anne Marie Peterson. Overall, the Facebook post included three claims, two relatively straightforward and the third, less so: We were easily able to confirm that this claim is indeed true. We kept it a secret, Tysall said, because you never know when things might fall apart.. Meet Old Whitey, Preserved Corpse of the Haunted Kamloops However, Lake Superiors cold temperatures inhibit bacterial growth and the bodies tend to sink and never resurfaced. During this time of year the surface temperature as cold as 40 degrees and as warm as 50 degrees. She's called the Witch of November. WebSchedule a Free Consultation (314) 849-8990. So what were trying to do is dangle this camera on this wreck in 825 feet of water so we have more depth to get to, [shipwreck explorer Jerry] Eliason said. Sadly, she ended her note with: I am the last one left alive, freezing and starving to death on Isle Royale. Were still no closer to understanding what made the SS Kamloops sink to her watery grave, or discovering exactly who Old Whitey really is, which may have something to do with the reason that Grandpa has stuck around his watery grave all these years. One commenter stated referenced an article posted in the thread comments explaining how bodies are preserved in Lake Superior, but the blog post linked in fact only described one very famous partly-preserved corpse in the wreckage of the SS Kamloops. The physical location of the Kamloops has since been found, according to the National Park Service, and the remains of Kamloop crew members who tried to swim to safety on the remote Isle Royale in Lake Superior were also recovered. Some even returned saying that they had seen Grandpas ghost and his body in the same trip, though never in the same room. In the preceding summer [1994], family members of the Fitzgeralds crew were incensed to learn that photos had been taken of dead people on the sunken ship and were likely to be published. Well. ", "Any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security will deserve neither and lose both" - Benjamin Franklin, "They are barking, Sancho, so let's ride" Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Creepy, sure, but Grandpa can do even better. Divers in 2019 located a different shipwreck theSS Hudson, which sank in 1901 at a depth of 825 feet below the surface. That passage illustrated the difficulty in reaching wrecks (and recovering bodies) from the bottom of Lake Superior: The IDS building, tallest building in downtown Minneapolis, is 792 feet tall. With its Curses, Violent Apparitions, and Portals, is Ohios Bellaire House the Most Haunted Home in the World? But sometimes, proof of something eerie shows up, and we're left to explain it again. Visit https://www.venterrafarms.com and enter "HAUNTED15" at checkout for 15% off your order + free shipping on all CBD products.Lake Superior is considered to be one of the most haunted lakes of all time due to the insanely high number of unrecovered shipwrecks and bodies that litter the lake floor. Web'Old Whitey' went down in 1927 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/Wikimedia Commons One of Lake Superior's most well-known shipwrecks, immortalized in the Gordon Lightfoot song According to the Manitou Passage Underwater Preserve, the Morazon sits above water in part because she ran aground on the wreck of another ship, the Water L. Frost. His body was eventually found by Bruces Legacy in July 2018, 22 months after he had gone under. By the next day, the two ships were caught in a severe storm on Lake Superior, with near hurricane-force winds and waves up to 35 feet (11 m) high. nobody knows why the ship sank. See him yourself.. L Linda Marshall 572 followers More information Due to this, many bodies from shipwrecks, such as the Edmund Fitzgerald, have never been recovered. The item noted that one of the most famous examples of the lakes keeping their dead is the wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald, but then described a difficult recovery effort in May 2019 involving a small plane and another involving kayakers who died in Lake Michigan: The plane was eventually found at the bottom of the lake on May 23, 2019, but the bodies of its occupants, Emanuel Manos, 53, of Monroe, and Randal Dippold, 65, of Perry, Michigan, were not found with the plane. Quickly. Fascinating stuff. I cant imagine the secrets and stories that Lake Superior has yet to reveal or may never reveal. Why? S.S Kamloops sunken in Lake Superior with holds a preserved corpse, nicknamed "Old Whitey". He was born James Joseph Bulger, Jr. on September 3 The bit about the body following the divers around reminds me very much of a short story called "Dead Men On Parade". Too many video games, I'm thinking. (By volume, its the third largest, behind Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.) Twitter. It retained this status for fifty years, until it was discovered at the bottom of Lake Superior, in nearly perfect condition, just off Twelve OClock Point on the north coast of Isle Royale. The discovery of the body in shallow waters near Glenbrook perplexed some officials with knowledge on how the lake keeps its victims. Reports at the time indicated there were 25 crew members aboard, though there was some uncertainty about the exact number; all perished when the Hudson sank. Even if they couldn't get the body, it seems kind of odd that at first, it is stuck in an engine, and then it can somehow magically free itself and swim. WebThe bodies of Paul McGonagle, a reputed leader of South Boston's Mullins Gang, and Thomas King, a convicted burglar, have never been found. To this day, much of what resides at its depths remains unexplored. And that's important to our tale. When you think of shipwrecks, you may not automatically think of lakes. Wherever there are boats, cold temperatures, and deep water, though, such as in Lake Superior, shipwrecks are bound to happen. One of Lake Superior's most well-known shipwrecks, immortalized in the Gordon Lightfoot song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald," happened in 1975, according to the Shipwreck Museum, when all 29 men aboard the freighter called the Edmund Fitzgerald (pictured) were lost. WebHis body stiff and his skin white as snow, the nameless member of the Kamloops crew had floated inside the ship for fifty years, alone until the divers began to occasionally filter in. However, I love learning about the Edmund Fitzgerald. Citing a September 2020 recovery effort involving shallow water, Oosee cited visibility and general debris as a factor complicating the search for bodies: It was so rough in area; the sonar worked well, but the visibility was less than a foot in the water, Oosee said. Apparently, survivors had starved to death waiting for rescue even though nobody was looking for them. Today there is no black or white -- Thirteen ships sank during a single storm in 1913, unable to overcome white-out snows and 35-foot waves. BOSTON (Reuters) - An expert witness at the murder trial of Boston mob boss James Whitey Bulger on Thursday described finding the bodies of people his gang is susan godfrey hungerford. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The SS Kamloops was a lake freighter beginning in 1924. WebWhitey Bulger is an Irish-American crime boss who was on the FBIs Most Wanted List for 16 years before being caught 2011. Dive logs are filled with notes about shaking hands with Grandpa, or paying respects to Old Whitey, and partially because of him, the National Parks Service has protected the shipwreck as a culture treasure, though they allow only the most experienced and respectful divers to explore the location. Scattered across the island were the remains of nine crew members who had managed to escape on a lifeboat. The lifesaving equipment was never launched, and in spite of the efforts of around 10,000 nearby civilians who tried to help, 844 people died. It seems that the harder it is to access a haunted location, the scarier the Pete Van Arnum recalled hearing tales of Mafia members dumping bodies in Lake Tahoe back in the 1950s. Meteorologists' models of the storm suggest a series of three 50-foot-plus waves swept over the Edmund Fitzgerald and snapped her in half, and this theory is supported by the report of witnesses on another ship, the Arthur M. Anderson. The Farmers' Almanac says that they're the result of something unique: The Great Lakes are so large that they're more appropriately called freshwater seas, and their size means they have their own weather system. When the two fronts meet, the resulting storms are hurricane-level gales with winds over 80 mph, gusts of more than 100 mph, and waves more than 20 feet high. Divers report seeing Whitey follow them or stare at them while they explore the shipwreck. - The Quixote, When you reach for the stars you may not quite get one, but you won't come up with a handful of mud either. Divers say they hear stories from fellow divers about a body that is still trapped in the engine room of the wreck. old whitey the ship crashed near isle royale. Across a deceptively tranquil lake scene, text read: This is Lake Superior. but there are many urban legends here.they also claim a loch ness monster lives her(they call her,yes "her" tahoe tessie.) volunteer firefighter arsonist. Since Lake Superior only ever reaches a few degrees above freezing at its depths, the icy water acted a kind of natural refrigerator. only shades of grey. Van Arnum said the mans remains were perfectly preserved by the frigid waters of Lake Tahoe. Photo: Doug Bell from submechanophobia. kamloops shipwreck bodies. The only trace ever discovered was a single life preserver, and since then, she's been seen so many times that she's called the "Flying Dutchman of Lake Superior.". The "whiteness" could also be from lack of sunlight for, I dont know 100 YEARS! bodies In this case, at least, that old folk saying is very much grounded in truth. Kirby, which originally vanished in 1916. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Create an account to get started today. "Old Whitey"'s body, named for its ghostly white appearance, is said to haunt SS Kamloops explorers to this day. It contained a note written by Alice Bettridge. Whiteys corpse is found floating inside the engine room of the SS Kamloops, which sank on the Canadian side of Lake Superior in the 1920s and has never been removed. The crew reportedly thought it was hilarious: The story says that they laughed as the dog struggled to swim alongside the ship and keep up with his not-so-faithful crew. The last time she was seen was near the southeast end of Isle Royale, coated in a thick sheet of ice. WebMeet Old Whitey, the Preserved Corpse of the SS Kamloops, Lake Superior's Most Haunted Shipwreck The ghost of Old Whitey, the preserved corpse of the haunted SS Kamloops It wasnt until the spring that the first signs of the Kamloops demise were discovered by fishermen of Isle Royale. Finally, a September 2020 Manistee News Advocate article, Recovering drowning victims in Lake Michigan can be a difficult task, wasnt specifically about Lake Superior, but it did address the myriad considerations involved in recovering the dead. That said, human remains that go down with those ships are rarely recovered, as those bodies fail to float to the surface. The reason why proves Lake Superior is, without a doubt, among the rarest and most unique bodies of water on the planet. Help Me Find Pictures Of Old Whitey The Corpse Floating Around Episode 123: The SS Kamloops Tragedy & the Corpse of Old Whitey. The decedent's body has remained underwater in the We need someone who's a SAR Diver to clear up that one. It has three quadrillion gallons of COLD water. While might catch glimpses of Travel Channel is kicking off Halloween season on October 4th with a very special live event that brings together more of the networks top paranormal stars than you can For most of us, ignoring the strange people on the subway is second nature, but if you ever find yourself in the tunnels below New York City and you Tweets by @WeirdHQ In a 2019 article, MPR reported that not only did the ship sink to that depth, but some bodies were recovered: On Sept. 19 [1901], the [Duluth News Tribune] reported that given the lack of wreckage, the report that a ship foundered was probably a mistake., But the next day, news reports made clear there was no mistake: A fishing boat found floating wreckage including two masts, one painted black and the other yellow matching the Hudson. Generally, we might be able to find debris on the surface, or some evidence on shore. Since the lake has frigid temperatures bodies dont decompose, thus gases dont form, prompting them to stay submerged. To the south is the city of Benton Harbor, Michigan. Ghosts of Seguin Island: Investigate an Isolated Lighthouse Haunted by a Bloody Axe Murder, Phenomenacon: Attend the Worlds First Online Paranormal Conference, Featuring Your Favorite Paranormal TV Stars, Groundbreaking Paranormal Documentary Series Hellier Returns with Ten Haunting Episodes of Appalachian Mystery, Travel Channels Haunted Salem: Live Features the Paranormal Dream-Team in Live, Four-Hour Ghost Hunt, Meet Devin Person, a Real-Life Wizard Who Grants Wishes on the New York City Subway. The hatch theory was put forward by the Coast Guard, rejected by a National Transportation Safety Board investigation and revived by the NTSB. The bacteria that usually causes the body to bloat and float is kept at bay in the frigid waters of Lake Superior. According to the National Park Service, the storm signals went up on December 5, and by December 12, the Kamloops was officially one of the missing. Like another deep and cold lake, Lake Tahoe, it is true that the bodies of crew members involved in sinking ships frequently (but not always) remained in the vessel at the bottom of the lake; it was further true Lake Superior was unusually cold and bodies were sometimes preserved. Oosee added that even in shallow water where the last location of the missing person is known, recovery wasnt always easy for several reasons. These two parts seem very contradictory to me. But, Lake Superior has seen over 50 known notable wrecks so it should come as no surprise that it is full of local legend and lore. The Kamloops and her small crew of about two dozen spent most of their time running cargo along the Canadian shore, fromMontreal to Fort William. Some divers reported that as they swam through the wreckage, Grandpa's pale, bleached corpse floated right alongside them. She collided with a smaller boat, the Augusta,which made it safely to port, but the Lady Elgin sank with 300 passengers on board. lol, I cracked up at this comment from him: "His skin in life or death would lose pixelation". Creepy Tales Of The Shipwrecks In The Great Lakes, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/Wikimedia Commons, Max Rigot Selling Company, Chicago/Wikimedia Commons. In months such as August and September the surface temperature runs between 65 to 70 degrees. Can't find much info on it and it seems like it might just be an urban legend. The MALESTROM Divers say that the whole ship was eerily well-preserved, mostly because of a temperature that lingers just above freezing. The ones who werent frozen to death appeared to have been partially eaten by the islands wolf population. He would of had to have been frozen to still be in tact. Holy **** that gives me shivers, I am now traumatised for several weeks. kamloops They're such jerks sometimes. Lake Superior contains roughly three quadrillion gallons of water (or, per our quick-and-dirty online converter math, approximately 11,356,235,352,000,000 liters.). Photo: Doug Bell. All . According to Grand Rapids, Michigan, media outlet 98.7 FGR, though, the reason victims of shipwrecks in Lake Superior, such as "Old Whitey," don't "bloat and float" as they do in other bodies of water is that the water in the lake, averaging 34 degrees Fahrenheit, is simply too cold for the bacteria to grow that typically causes organic remains to decompose and float to the surface (via Unbound Roots). Old Whitey | Unidentified Wiki | Fandom Although that information was presented for the living (and was important in terms of safety and Lake Superior), it also alluded to shallow bays and beaches which were overall warmer than the depths of the lake. Then? kamloops Click here to go to his vlog now: https://bit.ly/CurtisKamloops Other Important Stuff:Buy Our Merch: https://www.letsgethaunted.com Donate to our stupid show: https://ko-fi.com/dogmomusa Check out the photo dump for this weeks episode: https://www.instagram.com/letsgethaunted Send us fan mail:PO BOX 1658Camarillo, CA 93011Send us your listener stories:LetsGetHauntedPod@gmail.comBACKGROUND MUSIC BY MICHAEL GELFI STUDIOSSUPPORT HIM ON PATREON: https://www.patreon.com/MichaelGhelfi Link to sound: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_oZIrPV_iU FIRE SOUND EFFECT BY N BEATS Link to sound: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mz9ftphTWTM SOURCES:[01] Submerged Cultural Resources Study: Isle Royale National Park by Daniel J. Lenihan, the Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, and National Park Service, Link: https://bit.ly/3BBcozs[02] The Youtube channel Ask A Mortician, video The Lake That Never Gives Up Her Dead, Link: https://bit.ly/3RIyqWM[03] Lake Superior is one of the Most Haunted Lakes in America by Paisley Dunn for QuickCountry.com, link: https://bit.ly/3Dn8mMl[04] Meet Old Whitey, the Preserved Corpse of the SS Kamloops, Lake Superiors Most Haunted Shipwreck by Greg Newkirk for WeekInWeird.com, link: https://bit.ly/3U87gdp[05] Stone now marks burial plot for SS Kamloops tragedy by Jodi Lundmark, link: https://bit.ly/3Ua1FTS[06] Library of Congress, Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Bodys generally will not float in . I came across an interesting story recently that circulates among diving enthusiasts. They didn't even listen when it nearly capsized in 1904 and again in 1906. A February 2006 report in theTahoe Daily Tribune (Lakes depths hold many dead bodies: Officials report most corpses dont surface if lost in Lake Tahoe) concerned the discovery of an unidentified womans body in Lake Tahoe, which sits at the border of California and Nevada. For that matter, I have seen decomposing fish and and turtles in the river, but that is brachish Actually I did a bit of research on this. The Wreck of theEdmund Fitzgerald advanced the idea that bodies dont float on Lake Superior, but that vessel came to rest 530 feet under the surface and was incredibly difficult to access. Althought there might not have been fish to munch old Whitey away, but what about the microscopic bactieria that I would think after neary 100 years would have made a bit of. That seems unlikely, so what are the facts? ), Lake Superior doesnt give up her dead because of bacteria and cold water, and she doesnt give up pollutants for the same reasons, said Matt Simcik, associate professor of environmental health sciences at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities. A text from 1667, written by Claude-Jean Allouez, called the creature Missibizi. I came across an interesting story recently that circulates among diving enthusiasts. Would they possibly "eat" a body? TIME STAMPS00:00:00 INTRO00:11:05 SUBMECHANOPHOBIA00:27:41 LAKE SUPERIOR00:41:38 SS KAMLOOPS01:30:00 OLD WHITEY01:53:30 KAMLOOPS SCUBA DIVER INTERVIEW02:27:35 FINAL THOUGHTSPlease go leave a comment on Curtis Lahrs Kamloops vlog and say that LGH sent you! There are three theories about what happened: The ship was captured and burned, it sank in a storm, or there was a mutiny that led to the ship being scuttled. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. When they were finally discovered (at different times),they were sitting at the bottom of the lake, in almost perfect condition, with no clues as to why they'd sunk. No wreckage has ever been found. Unexplained-Mysteries.com His body stiff and his skin white as snow, the nameless member of the Kamloops crewhad floated inside the ship for fifty years, alone until the divers began to occasionally filter in. sounds interesting. Marine Insight estimates that there are somewhere around 6,000 shipwrecks lying at the bottom of the Great Lakes although some historians put the total at more than 25,000. Shortly after 7:10 p.m., Edmund Fitzgerald suddenly sank in Canadian (Ontario) waters 530 feet (88 fathoms; 160 m) deep, about 17 miles (15 nautical miles; 27 kilometers) from Whitefish Bay near the twin cities of Sault Ste.
Turtle Conservancy Ojai Airbnb, Articles O